"The Cult of Stalin and Propaganda" Notes By: Rudolf Kral

"Through the cult of personality Stalin was able to set up his personal dictatorship and run unopposed and unquestioned. Due to the small number of people who did oppose him he had no problem killing them.

There are 4 main ways Stalin’s cult of personality was created:

Censorship of anything that might reflect badly on Stalin

Propaganda everywhere - pictures, statues, continuous praise and applause, Places named after him

Word of mouth: Mothers taught their children that Stalin was ‘the wisest man of the age’

History books and photographs were changed to make him the hero of the Revolution, and obliterate the names of purged people (e.g. Trotsky).



The main reason for propaganda was pretty much the same as that for the cult of personality, provided a better grip on power, but propaganda also had a wider range of uses:

To establish a personal dictatorship

To support, build and expand soviet power

To attack enemies

To control people

To increase the war effort

Create a feeling of unison


There were 7 main ways in which propaganda was spread:

1. Posters
2. Art
3. Literature
4. Film
5. News
6. Education
7. Youth groups



The most effective form of propaganda was news reels:

propaganda was be easily disguised and broadcast as news

popularize and support the state and its decisions (ex. masked the failure of the 5 year plan)



Stalin deemed education to be a vital part of c being a communist, because if children are taught to be communists the brain washing is more effective. Stalin reformed the education system when he came to power. This reform was good for the people and made education more effective and accessible but I also contained some reforms that could be called introducing propaganda into the school system:

Communism and Stalin were fused into most subjects

Some subjects were rewritten Ex. history, Stalin was given a greater part in the revolution

train young people for slots in the economic, social, political and cultural life of the state

Uniforms were introduced to create the feeling on unity


Youth groups were another form of propaganda implemented on children:

Children were instructed to follow the party’s ideas

But also did fun activities

Shared a common uniform to once again create a feeling on unity

Youth groups were very popular

most famous Russian youth group was Communist League of Youth

over 9 million members

Children from youth groups were frequently photographed with Stalin


The use of propaganda was vital for the creation of Stalin’s cult of personality and one of the more important parts if it was how Stalin associated himself with Lenin after his death:

Stalin embalmed Lenin against his wives wishes

Created a cult round Lenin's death despite Lenin's ideals

Associated him self with Lenin

Declared him self Lenin's natural successor


Stalin did all this so that he could then transfer Lenin’s cult of personality onto him self. He was successful and this brought about the era of Stalinization:

Stalin was everywhere:

Every house hold had a picture of Lenin and Stalin

Constant parades were held in his honor

Streets were filled with huge posters

Stalin’s statues were raised everywhere

He was given titles such as "Coryphaeus of Science," "Father of Nations," "Brilliant Genius of Humanity," "Great Architect of Communism," "Gardener of Human Happiness,"

Soviet history rewritten to provide himself a more significant role in the revolution.

Stalin was even included in the national anthem


To conclude:

The Russian people shouldn’t be blamed for the atrocities that were that were made possible through their support of the regime and Stalin

Continues propaganda effectively brain washed and clouded their judgment

They truly believed that Stalin was unaware of the crimes on humanity that became so banal during his rule and though he really worked for their interest

"Why Russia Still Loves Stalin"

Excerpts:

"It's not surprising. After the anarchy that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, a period when democracy came to represent confusion, crime, poverty, oligarchy, anger and disappointment, it turned out that Russians didn't like their new, "free" selves. Having for centuries had no sense of self-esteem outside the state, we found ourselves wanting our old rulers back, the rulers who provided a sense of order, inspired patriotic fervor and the belief that we were a great nation. We yearned for monumental -- if oppressive -- leaders, like Ivan the Terrible or Stalin. Yes, they killed and imprisoned, but how great were our victories and parades! So what if Stalin ruled by fear? That was simply a fear for one's life. However terrifying, it wasn't as existentially threatening as the fear of freedom, of individual choice, with no one but oneself to blame if democracy turned into disarray and capitalism into corruption."

"This tendency to dismiss the past, never to fully repent of its sins, is common in Russian history, and it allows for a film of nostalgia to take hold."

"Instead, the complexities of life in a fragmented modern society that can boast of no momentous achievements -- no more superpower status, no new Sputniks -- have made Russians nostalgic for the "strong state" they once inhabited. It's a cycle that will keep on repeating itself until Russia finally and fully confronts its past."

The Danger of a Naïve Working Class

"One of the novella's most impressive accomplishments is its portrayal not just of the figures in power but also of the oppressed people themselves. Animal Farm is not told from the perspective of any particular character, though occasionally it does slip into Clover's consciousness. Rather, the story is told from the perspective of the common animals as a whole. Gullible, loyal, and hardworking, these animals give Orwell a chance to sketch how situations of oppression arise not only from the motives and tactics of the oppressors but also from the naïveté of the oppressed, who are not necessarily in a position to be better educated or informed. When presented with a dilemma, Boxer prefers not to puzzle out the implications of various possible actions but instead to repeat to himself, “Napoleon is always right.” Animal Farm demonstrates how the inability or unwillingness to question authority condemns the working class to suffer the full extent of the ruling class's oppression."

The Pigeon / Birds

Communist International

The Organisation of the Communist International

Old Major

Opening Speech Delivered as Candidate of the Socialist Party for the President at Indianapolis (1904)

Snowball

Snowball represents Leon Trotsky, a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. He was a second in command to Lenin in the October Russian revolution, before rebelling against Lenin and losing. He was exiled first to Turkey before being allowed into France before being asked to leave France as well. From there he traveled to Norway and eventually Mexico, where he was murdered with a ice axe.

Leon Bio w/ Pictures and Artwork by Diego Rivera,

BBC Bio of Trotsky

Mollie

Mollie represents the working class. She represents the lowest level of social class according to Marx, because she is a member of the proletariat but refuses to fight for her freedom and the values of socialism. Mollie does not exhibit some of the more terrorist qualities but instead simply "follows the money."

Definition: Lumpenproletariat